Showing posts with label Language. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Language. Show all posts

Friday 21 November 2014

'Japan at Last!' - By Kit Villiers

We finally arrived at Haneda Airport, Tokyo, at about 2am after what turned out to be a 6 hour delay in Hong Kong. In those days of prehistoric communications we'd failed to notify Robin Pocock, who'd been designated to meet us, of our late arrival, and he didn't therefore welcome us with exactly open arms when we finally emerged at the old Haneda Airport terminal building at something like 3am.

We were to stay for what remained of that first night in the New Grand Hotel, Yokohama. As we drove through the silent streets my fears were somewhat confirmed as nothing whatsoever was written in English; there was nothing even in western script. Robin warned us that we were so late getting to our rooms that we'd probably enjoy a sweaty night as the air-conditioning would soon go off. I'm not sure quite why. It's possible that the hotel wanted to save money and thought nobody would notice if they went to bed at a normal hour. Of course if he hadn't told us this I wouldn't have given it a thought as I was so tired. But as it was I found myself wide-awake waiting for the dreaded switch-off  moment and hardly slept at all - not the best start to my new career!


The year was...well I won't tell you exactly, but it was precisely 100 years after the Meiji Restoration. That is, 100 years after the Emperor, who had been dozing for a couple of centuries in Kyoto, the old capital, found himself recalled to 'power' in Tokyo when the Shogun proved unable to deal with the sudden invasion of 'foreign devils' who had penetrated Japan's isolation about 15 years earlier.

One of the first things the Japanese did was to isolate the foreigners into three what might best be called compounds, the most important of which were on the sites of what have become Kobe and Yokohama. It is perhaps no coincidence that these two small settlements of 100 years ago have grown into two of the world's major ports, and hence P & O, together with other old British companies such as HSBC and Jardine Matheson, still kept their Japan head offices in Yokohama a hundred years later even though with the opening up of Japan after the 2nd World War everyone else was moving into what had become the world's biggest and most vibrant city, Tokyo.

Japan was a strange mixture of old and new. John Farmer, the other newcomer and I, were told we'd never find the office and that we'd be picked up at 9am sharp by the office driver. "He'll be late, I'll bet you" said John, who had had experience of the Third World. He was wrong - the driver came spot on time. That was the first surprise; the second was that that Japan had no street names! No wonder we wouldn't have been able to find the office. Addresses without street names were very strange, and appeared to be based on a system of concentric circles. Taxi drivers never seemed to know where they were going, and I found later that you had to give them a map to have any chance of getting anywhere; even then you never really knew if you hadn't gone wrong. "Was that really the 4th turning on the right?" you would wonder. Without a street reference you had no way to check. On the other hand if you liked Bach or Mozart it was quite pleasant getting lost - taxi drivers seemed to love western classical music and played it all the time. Mind you, even in those days you could clock up quite a taxi fare so you didn't dare relax too much.

Anyway the driver knew where the office was, and so began our new life. The staff bowed deeply to the 2 new expat managers, although I was a bit disappointed that nobody was wearing a kimono. John was assigned to some frightfully important position in Yokohama almost immediately, while I was to be transferred to Kobe, and next time I'll relate how I got there. Meantime I was stay in the hotel: John told me later the street name thing bugged him for days: he and his wife could never find their house without help, and goodness knows how they coped with shopping. There was almost nothing recognisable in the shops, and, incredibly polite and charming as the shop assistants were, nobody spoke English.  I expect a few other of the British wives were roped in to help. We had around 6 British managers in Yokohama and 2 in Kobe, out of a staff of several hundred.

I'm sure you're wandering what happened to the poor old Shogun. He was called Mr Tokugawa and the Tokugawa Shogunate had ruled Japan for centuries. I'm sure in most 'emerging'  countries there would have been bloodshed at this sudden change of regime, but not in Japan: apparently the Shogun just quietly retired to private life. Took a house in the suburbs, I expect, and lived happily ever after....

Wednesday 12 February 2014

Mispronunciation Mayhem

If you are a learner of English, you may be encouraged to hear that you are not alone in your struggle to master English pronunciation. There are many words that the British too have a tendency to stumble over or mispronounce. I for one am forever correcting my husband’s infuriating pronunciation of 'nuclear' ("nyoo-kyuh-ler") and 'secretary' (“sek-yuh-teh-ree”) and am mocked in equal measure for my ingrained mispronunciation of 'phoenix' (“fee-uh-niks”) and 'weapon' (“weh-pin”). A poll of members of the British Institute of Verbatim Reporters (BIVR), the UK's leading organisation for professionals involved in taking down speech at court and tribunal hearings, revealed 10 words that Britons consistently mispronounce:

1. phenomenon           [fi-nom-uh-nuhn]
2. remuneration           [ri-myoo-nuh-rey-shuhn]
3. statistics                  [stuh-tis-tiks]
4. ethnicity                  [eth-nis-i-tee]
5. hereditary               [huh-red-i-ter-ee, -tree]
6. particularly              [per-tik-yuh-ler-lee, puh-tik-]
7. conjugal                  [kon-juh-guhl]
8. specific                    [spi-sif-ik]
9. processes                [proh-ses-iz]
10. development          [dih-vel-uhp-muhnt]

Leah Willersdorf, of the BIVR, said: "We work with many different types of professionals and hear all kinds of voices during our work. However, when it comes to the English language it always seems to be the same few words that verbally trip people up, with the speaker having to repeat the word in order to get it right, or just abandoning their attempts and moving on."

Which words in English do you find hardest to pronounce?



Source: www.mirror.co.uk

Tuesday 10 December 2013

Will the Americans soon be speaking British English?

Ginger, sell-by date, go missing and chat up are all 'Britishisms' that are increasingly being used in conversation by the Americans. While some argue that for non-British people to use these terms sounds completely absurd, there are a growing number of American citizens that are embracing this trend. Click on the graph below to see more examples of these 'Britishisms'.




'Kory Stamper, Associate Editor for Merriam-Webster, whose dictionaries are used by many American publishers and news organisations, agrees that more and more British words are entering the American vocabulary.

She sees this as clearly tied to the publication in the US of the first Harry Potter book. Dozens of words and phrases were changed for the American market, but ginger slipped through, as did snog (meaning "to kiss amorously") - though that has not proved so popular.

We are not seeing a radical change to the American language, says Jesse Sheidlower, American editor at large of the Oxford English Dictionary - rather a "very small, but noticeable" trend.

Bill Kretzschmar, professor of English at the University of Georgia, makes a similar point - that while the spike in use of some British terms may look dramatic, it is often because they are rising from a very low base. Most are used "very infrequently", he says.

And it is not so much the masses who use these terms, says Geoffrey Nunberg, as the educated elite. Journalists and other media types, like advertising agencies, are the worst offenders, in his view'

Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19670686

Monday 9 December 2013

Should Slang be Banned in Schools?

Students will have to hold their tongues from now on at the Harris Academy in Upper Norwood after the introduction of a new anti-slang initiative in September this year. The south London secondary school has banned the use of 10 slang phrases in so-called ‘formal language zones’ including classrooms and corridors. The school’s principal Chris Everitt hoped the initiative would raise awareness about the use of language and better prepare students for formal situations in later life such as job interviews. Among the forbidden words are "innit", "bare", "like", "extra" "aint" and “coz” which are deemed unsuitable for use in school. The heinous practice of beginning sentences with "basically" or ending them with "yeah" has also been outlawed. The severity of the punishment for transgressing these rules is unclear, though I can’t help thinking that detentions would be heavily oversubscribed were they to enforce it too harshly.  

Critics fear the initiative may alienate the very youngsters they are hoping to help, slang often being associated with those from working-class backgrounds or ethnic minorities. Darren Chetty, founder of the Power to the Pupils hip-hop education project argues that "Banning [the words] makes a very strong value judgment to pupils and it has an effect on the pupils who use that language.” "It situates the school as a middle-class place." Rather than inspiring them, there is a very real danger that a negative initiative like this could demotivate pupils even further.


What do you think of this initiative? Does banning slang impinge on people’s freedom of speech? What slang words would you ban given the chance?

Source: The Guardian Online

Wednesday 6 November 2013

Weird and Wonderful Words from the Scrabble Championships

Nearly 10000 online viewers were glued to their computer screens last Saturday as the ultimate board-gaming event of the year came to its exciting climax when Paul Allan seized the title of British Scrabble Champion from his opponent Allan Simmons with the winning word ‘bandura’, a type of Ukrainian lute (86 points).

It’s a game that has caused many a family feud and sibling squabble and yet Scrabble remains a firm favourite in many households all over the world.

The game was originally invented in 1938 by out of work architect Alfred Mosher Butts during the Great Depression in America. Initially called ‘Criss-cross Words’, the game combined the vocabulary skills of crossword puzzles and anagrams, with an added element of chance. It is now available in 29 languages with around 150 million sets having been sold in 121 different countries.

For those of you who enjoy a good board game, Scrabble is the perfect way to put your English vocabulary to the test and learn some new (and slightly obscure) words along the way. Why not try out one of these lesser-known words of the English language that were played during the final of this year’s Championship:


Aecia: A fruiting body of a rust fungus

Atigi: A type of parka worn by the Inuit in Canada

Bandura: Ukrainian lute

Coniines: Alkaloid that makes up the poisonous part of hemlock

Enew: Falconry term for driving a bird into the water

Erev: The part of the day or the day immediately preceding the Jewish Sabbath or a Jewish holiday

Evet: The common newt

Jingo: A vociferous supporter of policy favouring war, especially in the name of patriotism

Khis: Plural of khi, the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet

Litu: Plural of Litas, a former silver coin and monetary unit of Lithuania

Ny: To approach

Qat: variant spelling of khat, an Arabian shrub whose leaves are chewed as a stimulant

Swarf: Fine chips or filings of stone, metal or other material produced by a machining operation

Ugh: Used to express disgust or horror

Vela: Plural of velum, a glass screen

Friday 1 November 2013

How to be British

What are some typically British characteristics that make us who we are?

Telegraph:
'Talking and direct eye contact are banned on British public transport.The only acceptable activities are reading, listening to music and playing games on your smartphone. If you attempt to converse with someone on public transport in Britain, it will be interpreted as a request for money.'

Guardian:
'Ask a British person for a date, and they are more likely to hand you a dried fruit. British people do not date. They pull. This rather more ­violent verb conveys the more chaotic ­approach to romance than you might have known in your home country. The British method of coupling is as follows: go to a party, get extremely drunk, drunkenly kiss someone you have been making eyes at for some time but obviously never spoke to ­because you were sober then, go home with them, move in with them the next day, marry them.'

BBC:
'As any self-respecting Brit will tell you, there is not a lot that a cup of tea can't fix. Rough day at work? Put the kettle on. Broken heart? Pour yourself a cuppa. Alien invasion? You'll be ready for an apocalypse as soon as you've had your brew. But it's not all so straightforward. Choosing how to take your tea is a deceptively complex task - it's almost a political statement. Black with lemon immediately identifies you as a frequenter of Sloane Square, daaaaahling. Lots of milk and more than three sugars? You must be a builder - we'll assume you want a fry up on the side. If you take your char(coal) with minimal milk and maximum brewtime, we'll know you were born and bred up north, pet. Even new-fangled inventions such as camomile, peppermint and dandelion tea have their place in society (among new age hippies). The British relationship with tea is so important that employers have traditionally allowed their staff tea breaks to enjoy some alone time with their beverage of choice. We even have a mealtime named after it. So you see, tea is more than a drink to us Brits - it's a way of life. Phew, I'm feeling rather emotional after that - now, where's my mug?'




How would you describe a typical British person?

Wednesday 30 October 2013

What Makes a Good Linguist?

Being a good linguist involves a range of skills including:

  • Having an ear for languages
  • Being a natural thespian
  • Being a good communicator
  • Being able to think in another language
  • Working hard
It is not uncommon for people to claim to speak a foreign language when in reality their repertoire of vocabulary consists of no more than six or seven words. What's more, when confronted with a situation in which they actually have to listen, understand and reply, often there is a lacking in confidence.

Like most things in life, it all takes time, practice and patience. One of the key things to remember is that there is no substitute for taking every opportunity to speak it. Click on the image below to read more.



Tuesday 23 April 2013

Language Learning with British Films

Learning a language is not an easy feat. First there's the pronunciation, then there's the grammar, then there's having the confidence to actually spit it out!

Of course, reading is one of the best ways to improve. Even if you don't understand every word, providing you can get to grips with the general gist of the text, the missing vocab will come with time and practice.

Sometimes, though, especially after a long day's work and/or studies, you're really not in the mood for any more reading. All you want to do is flop.

So why not watch a film? Providing you have internet access there are any number of online film sites which don't cost very much at all. These include
Filmflex, Lovefilm, where you can stream thousands of movies for a small monthly subscription. Many of them come with subtitles, too.

Click on the image below to see Empire's top 100 Best British Films Ever!

 


Wednesday 20 February 2013

Top Five Resources to Learn a Language for free

Here are five of the best ways to learn a language without any cost:

1) Online newspapers
Foreign language newspapers are invaluable assets to a language learner. They’re constantly updated, culturally relevant, and can help language learners of all different levels.

For beginners, short advertisements and photo captions give bite-sized portions of text with picture clues.  Whilst, intermediate speakers can benefit from news articles.  And advanced learners can read columns and editorials.  These type of articles are most likely to contain idioms, local slang, and stylised writing.

2) Learner community websites
Websites such as Busuu and Livemocha are good study resources with comprehensive lessons in many foreign languages.  One excellent resource on these sites is the community forums, where a user can connect with native speakers of their target language.

3) Song lyrics
Music is a great for remembering a foreign language. In fact, the process can occur unintentionally - has your Korean improved since listening to Gangnam Style?!  I believe mine has!

Any song in the target language holds some learning value, but the best songs to seek out are the classics; the equivalent of our Fly Me to the Moon or Yesterday. These popular tunes tend to be fairly simple, with everyday language and relatable themes. 

4) Language exchange groups
For those who live in cities, language exchange groups are a great asset for practising spoken language.

Speaking practice is a part of language that often gets neglected with self-study, but it’s an essential skill. Also, native speakers can offer valuable tips about pronunciation and colloquial speech. The socialising is an added bonus. Friendships are a great motivator for language development.

For learners who want to practice in a one to one situation, mylanguageexchange.com or conversationexchange.com can help find partners in their area.

5) Podcasts
Any self-studying language speaker has experienced the stiltedness of language recordings. While listening skills are primary to one’s language ability, it can be difficult for learners to access natural-sounding recordings in the target language.

Podcasts are excellent, accessible learning tools.

Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationadvice/9880843/Learn-a-foreign-language-for-free-top-five-resources.html



Tuesday 4 December 2012

Essential packaging vocabulary

Although we encounter it on a daily basis, the wide range of packaging vocabulary in the English language can be mind-boggling. Here are a few essential types of packaging to help you choose which one to go for:


Box a rectangular cardboard container, usually with a lid or removable cover
of chocolates
of tissues
of cereal





Packet/pack a plastic bag or wrapper or a small cardboard box
of crisps
of biscuits
of sweets
of cigarettes





Carton a cuboid container of waxed paper or plastic for liquids
of orange juice
of milk
of eggs





Tub a deep plastic or cardboard container, usually with a lid
of ice cream
of butter






Can a sealed metal container 
of coke
of beer
of deodorant







Tin any pot, box, can, or other container made of tin
of tuna
of baked beans
of biscuits






Bottle a glass or plastic container for holding liquids, usually with a neck and mouth.
of wine
of milk







Jar a cylindrical glass container, usually with a screw-on lid
of jam
of honey
of mayonnaise







Bag a container or receptacle of plastic or paper, usually sealed at the mouth
of flour
of crisps







Tube a small, cylindrical, plastic or paper container, sealed at one end and with a capped opening at the other
of tooth paste
of smarties



Thursday 1 November 2012

Don't ask me, speak to Mr Elephant!

Many of us have difficulties learning a second language. Sometimes it's the vocab, other times it's the grammar, and quite often the simplest words can seem impossible to get your tongue around.

If learning another language is hard work for a human, imagine how difficult it must be for an animal! 

I've never tried learning Korean myself, but there's an elephant who is really giving it his best shot. He can say words like "hello", "sit down", "no", "lie down" and "good".


If you don't believe me, click on the image below to read more!





Thursday 18 October 2012

The Great British Flat Cap

Walking the dog, in the pub, collecting the kids from school, on your bike, but never indoors, the Flat cap is probably the most traditional form of headwear that British men, aged 30-60, love to sport. 

Once, the flat cap was the standard headgear of the working-class man, while middle-class men opted for the trilby, and the bowler was the almost compulsory uniform of the gentleman in the City of London.



Few Englishmen nowadays wear any sort of hat. The flat cap - extended beyond its original social range - is the only one which has really survived.

'The style can be traced back to the 14th century in Northern England namely Grimsby and parts of Southern Italy, when it was more likely to be called a "bonnet", which term was replaced, except in Scotland, by "cap" before about 1700'[1]


Wednesday 10 October 2012

L’anglais, c’est super cool!


English has, for several decades now, been an important language in the world of international business, trade, politics, and law, and consequently, is the most taught language in European schools. Unsurprisingly, English words and phrases have started to see use in other languages, and France is one country that has experienced first-hand the rise of Anglicisms in its national language, primarily by young people through use of technology and exposure to the pop cultures of English-speaking countries.
Le Dark Knight and Les Avengers

We can start by looking at the influence of English-language film and television in France. If you go to the cinema in Paris, you might even see some familiar titles, since two of this year’s highest grossing films worldwide, The Dark Knight Rises and The Avengers, did not translate their titles for the French market. (Interestingly, though, The Dark Knight Rises was translated as L’Ascension du Chevalier Noir for the Quebecois market – perhaps a sign of their fierce desire to maintain a Francophone identity in English-speaking Canada.) But if one looks at each of these titles individually, the vocabulary is relatively complicated for the average French young person. So why not translate the title to make it understandable for everyone? The answer: English sells. Living in a world where you can carry the Internet around in your pocket, there is little worry that French teenagers won’t figure out that The Dark Knight Rises is the next installment of the Batman series, nor is there any real need to understand what an ‘avenger’ is.

That said, it is not uncommon to change the title of English-language films to simpler English. Interesting examples are The Hangover and No Strings Attached, released in France as Very Bad Trip and Sex Friends respectively. We see the same phenomenon here, but because these film titles use idioms and do not already belong to an easily identifiable series, the titles are changed to more aptly describe the film, but maintain the cool-factor of English.

English represents something young, modern, and fun, and would you really want to see a film called La Gueule du Bois anyway?
English: reinterpreted and redefined

There are several well-known English words that have been used in French for some time. Le week-end has long been used in place of la fin de la semaine, and le sandwich has always been known by its English eponym, but it is interesting to also see how certain brand names have influenced the French language too. The American Scotch tape, synonymous to Sellotape in the UK, has also made its way into the French lexicon. Shortened to le scotch (not to be confused with le Scotch), French has taken this word one step further to create a verb, scotcher, the French for ‘to tape’. Likewise, the French term klaxon derived from the Klaxon brand of horns used in cars, and the verb ‘to honk one’s horn’ is klaxonner.

However, French has also taken English phrases and given entirely new meanings to them. One such phrase is ‘fashion victim’, which, in English, is a derogatory phrase used to describe one who has fallen victim to the fashion industry. Cross the Channel, and you’ll find the term is used positively to describe someone who dresses well and has great style. Though the English word ‘victim’ is virtually identical to the French victime, there is nothing in the meaning of the French fashion-victim to imply victimization at all, rather, it is an English phrase that has found new meaning.

There are other English words that have lost their original meanings in French. Le brushing, coming from the English ‘to brush one’s hair’, means ‘blow dry’ when translated back into English, and le living was shortened from the English ‘living-room’ to mean just that in French. The verbs ‘to brush’ and ‘to live’ are translated as brosser and vivre in French, so the concepts of ‘brushing’ and ‘living’ being used in these contexts does not seem strange for a French speaker. They are, quite simply, words of English origin that have migrated and developed new meanings in a new language.

As well as giving new meanings to English words, there are also instances where English words have been entirely invented for the French lexicon. Le fooding, a term coined in 1999 by two French journalists as a portmanteau of ‘food’ and ‘feeling’, is the name of the current food movement happening in France. One of the journalists behind the movement described it as ‘a new element of design, a new element of casual yet serious food. The old choice between la cuisine de bistrot and la grande cuisine française was ending.’ They wanted a word to give the movement a more modern, contemporary voice, to show how the landscape of French haute-cuisine is keeping up with the rest of the culinary world, and le fooding did what no French word could.

L’Académie française and the fight against Franglais

Unlike for many languages, French has an official authority to monitor and regulate its language. L’Académie française was established in 1635 by Cardinal Richelieu, and re-established in 1803 by Napoleon Bonaparte. It is one of the longest standing authorities in the world that deals with matters pertaining exclusively to the use of language. Over the course of its existence, members have included Victor Hugo, Voltaire, and Louis Pasteur.
Unsurprisingly, the Académie does not promote the use of Anglicisms, which it sees as a threat to the purity of the French language. In response to the rising use of Franglais, the Académie has devised a list entitled dire, ne pas dire, literally, ‘to say, not to say’, in which it offers acceptable, and in some cases, official, French alternatives to Franglais words and phrases. The word ‘email’ is a classic example. Although the English word is used across the world, including in France, the Académie has decided courriel should be used in its place (a mélange of courrier and électronique). To take the place of ‘prime time’ in France, the Académie suggests les heures de grande écoute. One should use l’entraîneur instead of the English ‘coach’, and the list goes on.

It is unlikely that the Académie’s French alternatives will gain much traction. Even to say something is great, commonly used phrases among French young people are c’est top and c’est classe. English prefixes ‘super-’ and ‘hyper-’ frequently preface adjectives to add emphasis. English is ubiquitous in France, and is too prevalent in popular culture not to have any influence over language.

At this point, I recall my time in Paris, teaching English at a lycée in the 16th arrondissement. In my last lesson with a sixième class, I asked what they liked about studying English. Without hesitation, and without a hint of irony, one boy yelled out:
"L’anglais, c’est super cool!"


Source: Oxford Dictionaries